R-Type is viewed from the side as the R-9 travels through a fixed sequence of scrolling stages. The objective is to survive enemy formations, environmental hazards, and end-of-stage bosses while reaching the final confrontation with the Bydo forces.

The fighter can move in eight directions, fire normal shots, and charge a Wave Cannon. Power-ups improve the weapon and provide the Force pod, which can attach to the front or rear of the ship, be used as a shield, or be launched independently. Losing a life removes most collected power-ups, so progression depends on memorizing routes and rebuilding equipment.

Learn each stage before attempting fast progress. Enemy entrances, walls, and boss attacks are usually easier to handle when the ship is kept near a safe lane instead of constantly moving. Charge the Wave Cannon during quiet moments, then release it when a durable target enters alignment.

Use the Force pod defensively as well as offensively. Attach it to cover the ship from one direction, detach it to attack enemies around corners, and recall it before entering a narrow passage. Protecting a powered-up ship is usually more valuable than taking a risky shot at a minor enemy.